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Large freshwater turtle from the Eastern United States

Alligator snapping turtle
Alligator snapping turtle.jpg

Conservation condition


Vulnerable (IUCN 2.3)[1]

Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Testudines
Suborder: Cryptodira
Family unit: Chelydridae
Genus: Macrochelys
Species:

M. temminckii

Binomial name
Macrochelys temminckii

(Troost, 1835)[1]

Synonyms

Genus synonymy [two]

  • Macroclemys
    Gray, 1856
  • Gypochelys
    Agassiz, 1857

Species synonymy [2]

  • Testudo planitia
    Gmelin, 1789
    (nomen suppressum)
  • Chersine planitia
    — Merrem, 1820
  • Chelonura temminckii
    Troost in Harlan, 1835
    (nomen conservandum)
  • Emysaurus temminckii
    — A.1000.C Duméril and Bibron in A.M.C. Duméril & A.H.A. Duméril, 1851
  • Macroclemys temminckii
    — Greyness, 1846
  • Cheldyra temminckii
    — Agassiz, 1857
  • Gypochelys temminckii
    — Agassiz, 1857
  • Macroclemmys temminckii
    — Strauch, 1862
  • Macroclemys temmincki
    — Pritchard, 1967

The alligator snapping turtle (Macrochelys temminckii) is a big species of turtle in the family Chelydridae. The species is native to freshwater habitats in the Usa. M. temminckii is one of the heaviest freshwater turtles in the globe.[3] It is the largest freshwater species of turtle in North America.[four] It is frequently associated with, but not closely related to, the mutual snapping turtle, which is in the genus Chelydra. The specific epithet temminckii is in honor of Dutch zoologist Coenraad Jacob Temminck.[5] [6]

Taxonomy [edit]

Although it was in one case believed that merely ane extant species exists in the genus Macrochelys, recent studies take shown that there are 2 species, the other being the Suwannee snapping turtle (K. suwanniensis) of the Suwannee River[7] [8] A tertiary species, the Apalachicola snapping turtle (M. apalachicolae), has been proposed,[9] only is by and large not recognized.[vii] [eight] [10]

The alligator snapping turtle is given its common proper name because of its immensely powerful jaws and distinct ridges on its crush that are similar in appearance to the crude, ridged skin of an alligator. It is likewise slightly less commonly known as "the loggerhead snapper" (not to be dislocated with the loggerhead bounding main turtle or loggerhead musk turtle).

Distribution and habitat [edit]

The alligator snapping turtle is found primarily in freshwaters of the southeastern The states. It is found from the Florida Panhandle west to East Texas, n to southeastern Kansas, Missouri, southeastern Iowa, western Illinois, southern Indiana, western Kentucky, Louisiana, and western Tennessee.[11] Typically, only nesting females venture onto open country.[ citation needed ]

At that place are not-native established invasive populations of the alligator snapping turtle in South Africa.[12]

Description [edit]

Illustration from Holbrook's North American Herpetology, 1842

The alligator snapping turtle is characterized by a large, heavy head, and a long, thick crush with three dorsal ridges of large scales (osteoderms), giving it a primitive appearance reminiscent of some of the plated dinosaurs, most notably Ankylosaurus. Information technology can be immediately distinguished from the common snapping turtle by the three distinct rows of spikes and raised plates on the carapace, whereas the common snapping turtle has a smoother carapace. M. temminckii is a solid grey, chocolate-brown, black, or olive-light-green in color, and ofttimes covered with algae. It has radiating yellow patterns effectually the eyes, serving to intermission up the outline of the eyes to go along the turtle camouflaged. The eyes are likewise surrounded by a star-shaped arrangement of fleshy, filamentous "eyelashes".

Though not verified, a 183 kg (403 lb) alligator snapping turtle was found in Kansas in 1937,[thirteen] but the largest verifiable i is debatable. I weighed at the Shedd Aquarium in Chicago was a 16-year resident giant alligator snapper weighing 113 kg (249 lb), sent to the Tennessee Aquarium as function of a breeding loan in 1999, where it after died. Another weighing 107 kg (236 lb) was housed at the Brookfield Zoo in suburban Chicago. Some other large turtle reportedly weighed 135 kg (298 lb).[fourteen] The species mostly does not abound quite that large. Breeding maturity is attained around 8 kg (xviii lb), when the direct carapace length is effectually 33 cm (xiii in), merely then the species continues to abound throughout life.[15] Excluding exceptionally large specimens, developed alligator snapping turtles generally range in carapace length from 35 to 80.eight cm (xiii.eight to 31.eight in) and weigh from 8.four to eighty kg (xix to 176 lb).[13] [xvi] [17] [18] Males are typically larger than females.[19] 88 adult alligator snapping turtles averaged 21.05 kg (46.iv lb), 92 averaged 19.72 kg (43.v lb), and 249 averaged thirteen.5 kg (30 lb). Unremarkably very old males comprise the specimens that weigh in excess of 45 kg (99 lb) per most population studies.[17] [18] [20] Among extant freshwater turtles, only the little-known giant softshell turtles of the genera Chitra, Rafetus, and Pelochelys, native to Asia, reach comparable sizes.

Alligator snapping turtle using its vermiform appendage to lure prey. (Peckham's mimicry)

Caput of a young alligator snapping turtle

Alligator snapping turtle with carpet of algae

In mature specimens, those with a straight carapace length over 30 cm (12 in), males and females tin can be differentiated by the position of the cloaca from the carapace, and by the thickness of the base of the tail. A mature male'south cloaca extends beyond the carapace border, a female's is placed exactly on the edge if not nearer to the plastron. The base of operations of the tail of the male person is also thicker every bit compared to that of the female because of the hidden reproductive organs.

The inside of the turtle's mouth is camouflaged, and information technology possesses a vermiform (worm-shaped) appendage on the tip of its tongue used to lure fish, a form of aggressive mimicry.

This turtle must be handled with extreme intendance and considered potentially dangerous.[nineteen] This species tin can bite through the handle of a broom and rare cases have been reported in which human fingers have been cleanly bitten off by the species.[21] No human deaths have been reported to have been caused by the alligator snapping turtle.[21]

Diet [edit]

The alligator snapping turtle is an opportunistic feeder that is about entirely carnivorous. Information technology relies on both live food defenseless by itself and expressionless organisms which information technology scavenges. In general, it volition consume about annihilation it can catch. Fishermen have glorified the species' ability to catch fish and to deplete fish populations, whereas in fact information technology largely targets whatsoever abundant and hands caught prey, and rarely has any extensive deleterious outcome on fish populations.[22] Its natural diet consists primarily of fish and fish carcasses, molluscs, carrion, and amphibians, only it is also known to eat snakes, snails and other invertebrates,[23] crawfish, insects,[24] water birds, aquatic plants, other turtles and sometimes even minor alligators.[21] [22] In one written report conducted in Louisiana, 79.viii% of the stomach contents of adult alligator snapping turtles was establish to be composed of other turtles, although the resistance of beat and reptile-bone fragments to digestion may have led these fragments to remain longer in the digestive tract than other items.[xx] This species may likewise, on occasion, casualty on aquatic rodents, including nutrias and muskrats or even snatch small to mid-sized other mammals, including squirrels, mice, opossums, raccoons, and armadillos when they attempt to swim or come up most the water's edge.[21]

The alligator snapping turtle seemingly almost ofttimes hunts at night. Information technology may also chase diurnally, however. Past mean solar day, information technology may try to attract fish and other casualty by sitting quietly at the lesser of murky water and letting its jaws hang open up to reveal its tongue appendage, which looks like a pocket-size, pink, worm in the back of its gray rima oris, and lure the prey into hitting distance.[22] The vermiform natural language imitates the movements of a worm, luring casualty to the turtle's mouth. The mouth is then closed with tremendous speed and forcefulness, completing the ambush. Although the turtle does not actively hunt its casualty, it tin can detect chemosensory cues from prey, similar the mud turtle in guild to choose the location in which it is nigh likely to take hold of food.[25] Pocket-sized fish, such as minnows, are often caught in this way by younger alligator snapping turtles, whereas adults must eat a greater quantity per solar day and must forage more actively.[21] Though not a regular food source for them, adult alligator snappers take even been known to kill and consume small American alligators.[26]

In captivity, it may swallow almost any kind of meat provided, including beefiness, chicken, rabbit, and pork. Information technology volition decline to swallow if exposed to extremes in temperature.[ citation needed ]

Reproduction and lifespan [edit]

Maturity is reached around 12 years of age.[27] Mating takes place yearly, in early bound in the southern part of its geographic range, and in later spring in the northern part. Almost two months later, the female person builds a nest and lays a clutch of x–fifty eggs.[16] The sexual activity of the immature depends on the temperature at which the eggs are incubated. This is called temperature dependant sexual practice determination, and it is used by all turtle species to determine sex. For the alligator snapping turtle, higher temperatures produce more males in a clutch.[28] Nests are typically excavated at least 50 yards from the water's edge to prevent them from beingness flooded and drowned. Incubation takes from 100 to 140 days, and hatchlings emerge in the early fall.[29]

Though its potential lifespan in the wild is unknown, the alligator snapping turtle is believed to be capable of living to 200 years of age, but lxxx to 120 is more likely.[thirty] In captivity, it typically lives betwixt 20 and 70 years.[31]

Predation [edit]

The alligator snapping turtle is almost vulnerable to predators before and soon subsequently hatching. The eggs tin exist eaten by birds or mammals. The chance of predation decreases as the turtle gets bigger, so the adult turtle does not take as many predators.[4]

Humans are also a threat to the alligator snapping turtle.[28]

Under human care [edit]

Correct treatment of a 45-pound alligator snapping turtle at Austin Reptile Service, in Austin, Texas

The alligator snapping turtle is sometimes convict-bred equally a pet and is readily available in the exotic animal trade. Due to its potential size and specific needs, it does not make a particularly expert pet for any merely the well-nigh experienced aquatic turtle keepers.[32]

Information technology prefers to feed on alive fish, but will readily feed on other types of meat or leafy vegetables if offered. Hand feeding is dangerous. Extreme temperatures are known to touch the turtle'southward appetite and would result in the turtle refusing to feed until the temperature has been regulated.

Due to the turtle's sheer size, treatment adult specimens tin can pose pregnant bug. Small-scale turtles tin can be held by the sides of the trounce with relative safety, but large individuals must exist held by grabbing the turtle's beat just backside the head and in front of the tail.

Despite its reputation, the alligator snapping turtle is typically not prone to biting. Withal, if provoked, it is quite capable of delivering a powerful bite which can hands dismember fingers or crusade other significant injuries, such as cuts.[33] Some U.S. states, where the alligator snapping turtle does not naturally occur (such every bit California), prohibit it from being kept every bit a pet past residents.

Invasive species [edit]

Some alligator snapping turtles were released or escaped into waters of the Czech republic, Germany and Hungary. In Bavaria, i turtle acquired injury to a kid, simply was not caught.[34] In Bohemia, four turtles of this species have been caught.[35] [36] In Republic of hungary, 1 turtle was defenseless in the middle of a street well-nigh a lake.[37] Certain EU countries have strong laws against keeping the alligator snapping turtle without permission, as information technology is an invasive species.[38]

Conservation status [edit]

Because of collection for the exotic pet trade, overharvesting for its meat, and habitat destruction, some states have imposed bans on collecting the alligator snapping turtle from the wild.[39] The IUCN lists it every bit a threatened species, and as of June xiv, 2006, information technology was afforded some international protection by being listed as a CITES III species (which volition put limits on exportation from the United States and all international trade in this species).[40]

The alligator snapping turtle is now endangered in several states, including Indiana, Illinois, Kentucky, and Missouri, where it is protected by state law.[41] [42] Information technology is designated as "in demand of conservation" in Kansas.[43]

In October 2013, 1 was institute in the Prineville Reservoir in Oregon. It was captured and euthanized by the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, which considers alligator snapping turtles to be an invasive species.[44] This one was the first found in the state.

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b Tortoise & Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group (1996). "Macrochelys temminckii". The IUCN Ruby List of Threatened Species. 1996: due east.T12589A97272309. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T12589A3362355.en.
  2. ^ a b Fritz, Uwe; Havaš, Peter (2007). "Checklist of Chelonians of the Earth" (PDF). Vertebrate Zoology. 57 (2): 149–368. Archived from the original (PDF) on May i, 2011.
  3. ^ Carwardine, Marker (2008). Animal Records. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. p. 174. ISBN9781402756238.
  4. ^ a b Ligon, Mean solar day B.; Reasor, Jona (2007). "Predation on Alligator Snapping Turtles (Macrochelys temmunckii) by Northern River Otters (Lontra canadensis)". The Southwestern Naturalist. 52 (4): 608–610. doi:10.1894/0038-4909(2007)52[608:POASTM]2.0.CO;ii – via JSTOR.
  5. ^ Beltz, Ellin (2006). "Biographies of People Honored in the Herpetological Classification of North America". Archived from the original on July ten, 2006. Retrieved July 9, 2006.
  6. ^ Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 13 + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (Macrochelys temminckii, p. 263).
  7. ^ a b Uetz P, Hallermann J. "Macrochelys". Reptile Database. Retrieved September 26, 2017.
  8. ^ a b Rhodin, A.G.J.; Iverson, J.B.; Bour, R. Fritz; U., Georges; A., Shaffer, H.B. & van Dijk, P.P. (Turtle Taxonomy Working Group) (2017). Rhodin, A.G.J.; Iverson, J.B.; van Dijk, P.P.; Saumure, R.A.; Buhlmann, K.A.; Pritchard, P.C.H. & Mittermeier, R.A. (eds.). Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status. Chelonian Research Monographs. Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Grouping. Vol. 7 (8th ed.). pp. 1–292. doi:10.3854/crm.7.checklist.atlas.v8.2017. ISBN9781532350269. S2CID 89826255. {{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Thomas, Travis 1000.; Granatosky, Michael C.; Bourque, Jason R.; Krysko, Kenneth 50.; Moler, Paul E.; Gamble, Tony; Suarez, Eric; Leone, Erin; Roman, Joe (2014). "Taxonomic assessment of Alligator Snapping Turtles (Chelydridae: Macrochelys), with the description of two new species from the southeastern United States". Zootaxa. 3786 (2): 141–165. doi:x.11646/zootaxa.3786.2.4. PMID 24869532. S2CID 42639580.
  10. ^ Folt B, Guyer C (2015). "Evaluating recent taxonomic changes for alligator snapping turtles (Testudines: Chelydridae)". Zootaxa. 3947 (3): 447–450. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3947.three.11. PMID 25947748. S2CID 11298735.
  11. ^ Conant, Roger; Collins, Joseph T. (1991). A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians: Eastern and Primal North America (tertiary ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN978-0395904527.
  12. ^ http://www.invasives.org.za/component/k2/item/852-alligator-snapping-turtle-macrochelys-temmincki Archived August 26, 2019, at the Wayback Machine Invasive Species South Africa - Protecting Biodiversity from Invasion - Alligator snapping turtle | Macrochelys temminckii
  13. ^ a b "Smithsonian National Zoological Park: Alligator Snapping Turtle". Archived from the original on March 7, 2006. Retrieved March 26, 2006.
  14. ^ Telford SR Jr, Norton TM, Moler PE, Jensen JB (2009). "A New Haemogregarina Species of the Alligator Snapping Turtle, Macrochelys temminckii (Testudines: Chelydridae), in Georgia and Florida that Produces Macromeronts in Circulating Erythrocytes". Periodical of Parasitology. 95 (1): 208–214. doi:10.1645/ge-1696.one. PMID 19245282. S2CID 11586597. {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ Alligator Snapping Turtle. People.wcsu.edu. Retrieved on August 22, 2012.
  16. ^ a b Burnie, David; Wilson, Don E. (2005). Creature. New York City: DK Publishing. ISBN978-0-7566-1634-ii.
  17. ^ a b Chaffin Thousand, Norton TM, Gilardi K, Poppenga R, Jensen JB, Moler P, Cray C, Dierenfeld ES, Chen T, Oliva 1000, Origgi FC, Gibbs Southward, Mazzaro L, Mazet J (2008). "Health assessment of complimentary-ranging alligator snapping turtles (Macrochelys temminckii) in Georgia and Florida". Periodical of Wild animals Diseases. 44 (3): 670–686. doi:10.7589/0090-3558-44.iii.670. PMID 18689653. {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ^ a b Moore DB, Ligon D, Fillmore BM, Fox SF (2013). "Growth and Viability of a Translocated Population of Alligator Snapping Turtles (Macrochelys temminckii)". Herpetological Conservation and Biology 8 (1): 141-148.
  19. ^ a b "Alligator Snapping Turtle: Behemothic of the Southeastern States". Archived from the original on April 8, 2006. Retrieved March 26, 2006.
  20. ^ a b Elsey RM (2006). "Food habits of Macrochelys temminckii (alligator snapping turtle) from Arkansas and Louisiana". Southeastern Naturalist. 5 (3): 443–452. doi:10.1656/1528-7092(2006)five[443:fhomta]2.0.co;2.
  21. ^ a b c d e Pritchard P (1979). Encyclopedia of Turtles. Neptune, New Jersey: T.F.H. Publications, Inc. ISBN 0876669186.
  22. ^ a b c Ernst C, Barbour R, Lovich J (1994). Turtles of the Usa and Canada. Washington, District of Columbia: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 1560988231.
  23. ^ DiLaura, Matt Nichols; Joseph Pruitt; DD Munsey; Garrett Proficient; Beth Meyer; Kelle Urban; Paul. "Macrochelys temminckii (Alligator Snapping Turtle)". Animate being Diverseness Spider web.
  24. ^ "ADW: Macrochelys temminckii: INFORMATION".
  25. ^ Punzo, Fred; Alton, Lisa (April 26, 2020). "Bear witness for the use of chemosensory cues by the Alligator Snapping Turtle, Macrolemys Temminckii, to detect the presence of Musk and Mud Turtles". Florida Scientist. 65 (2): 134–138 – via JSTOR.
  26. ^ Alligator Snapping Turtle. Bronx Zoo
  27. ^ "Animal Diversity Spider web: Macrochelys temminickii ". Retrieved September 12, 2008.
  28. ^ a b Ligon, Solar day; Lovern, Matthew (April 26, 2020). "Temperature Furnishings During Early on Like Stages of the Alligator Snapping Turtle (Macrochelys temminckii)". Chelonian Conservation and Biology: 74–83 – via GreenFile.
  29. ^ "Nashville Zoo: Alligator Snapping Turtle". Archived from the original on Feb 21, 2006. Retrieved March 26, 2006.
  30. ^ Gibbons, J. Whitfield (Jan 1, 1987). "Why Do Turtles Live So Long?". BioScience. 37 (4): 262–269. doi:10.2307/1310589. JSTOR 1310589.
  31. ^ "WhoZoo: Alligator Snapping Turtle". Archived from the original on April 28, 2006. Retrieved March 26, 2006.
  32. ^ AST Care Canvass. Austinsturtlepage.com. Retrieved on Baronial 22, 2012.
  33. ^ "NAS — Species FactSheet". Archived from the original on September 23, 2006. Retrieved March 26, 2006.
  34. ^ The Bavarian village of Irsee is ramping up efforts to find alligator snapping turtle "Lotti". Spiegel.de (August xv, 2013). Retrieved on 2014-05-15.
  35. ^ Výskyt a historie vodních želv u nás. Cs.petclub.european union. Retrieved on May 15, 2014. (in Czech).
  36. ^ Po hlavní silnici na Rokycansku si vykračovala dvanáctikilová želva – iDNES.cz. Plzen.idnes.cz. Retrieved on May 15, 2014. (in Czech).
  37. ^ Agresszív aligátorteknős lófrált egy zalai faluban. 444.hu (June xx, 2019). Retrieved on 2019-06-twenty. (in Hungarian).
  38. ^ Legislativa. Invaznidruhy.nature.cz (March 28, 2013). Retrieved on 2014-05-15. (in Czech).
  39. ^ "Alligator Snapping Turtle – National Wildlife Federation". Nwf.org. Retrieved Apr 22, 2013.
  40. ^ "Alligator Snapping Turtle and Map Turtles Gain International Protection". US Fish and Wild fauna Service. Dec 2005. Archived from the original on October 29, 2006.
  41. ^ Recommendation for preliminary adoption of amendments to the list of endangered reptiles and amphibians in 312 IAC 9-5-four; Administrative Cause No. 10-170D. in.gov
  42. ^ "Conservation". Illinois Department of Natural Resource. Archived from the original on January 6, 2013. Retrieved April 22, 2013.
  43. ^ Kansas Admin. Reg. § 115-15-2(a)(7).
  44. ^ Thomas, Pete (October 23, 2013). "Prehistoric-looking alligator snapping turtle is not wanted in Oregon". GrindTV.com. Retrieved October 23, 2013.

External links [edit]

  • Alligator vs. common snapping turtle – Chelydra.org
  • "Care Sheet - Alligator Snapping Turtle".
  • "CRUNCH History". Crunch, the alligator snapping turtle
  • Dohnal, Martin (August 12, 2013). "Kajmanka supí zaútočila 5 Bavorsku na dítě. Městečko je na nohou". Deník.cz.

Further reading [edit]

  • Behler JL, King FW (1979). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 743 pp. ISBN 0-394-50824-6. (Macroclemys temmincki, pp. 436–437 + Plates 325, 326, 327).
  • Goin CJ, Goin OB, Zug GR (1978). Introduction to Herpetology, Tertiary Edition. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. xi + 378 pp. ISBN 0-7167-0020-4. (Macroclemys temmincki, pp. 77, 124, 256–257).
  • Powell R, Conant R, Collins JT (2016). Peterson Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Primal North America, Fourth Edition. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. fourteen + 494 pp., 47 color plates, 207 figures. (Macrochelys temminckii, p. 196, Figure 90 + Plates 14, 21).
  • Smith HM, Brodie ED Jr (1982). Reptiles of N America: A Guide to Field Identification. New York: Golden Press. 240 pp. ISBN 0307136663. (Macroclemys temmincki, pp. 38–39).
  • Troost Thousand (1835). In: Harlan R (1835). Medical and Physical Researches: or Original Memoirs in Medicine, Surgery, Physiology, Geology, Zoology, and Comparative Beefcake. Philadelphia: L.R. Bailey. xxxix + 653 pp. (Chelonura temminckii, new species, p. 158).
  • Zim HS, Smith HM (1956). Reptiles and Amphibians: A Guide to Familiar American Species. Golden Nature Guides. New York: Simon and Schuster. 160 pp. (Macroclemys temmincki, pp. 25, 155).

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alligator_snapping_turtle

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